Neugodna kreditistička aritmetika QE-a
“However, the question is what will happen when all this money does enter the real economy? “
Probajmo pogledati kako izgleda “školski primjer” kreacije depozita i kredita:
Povećanjem depozita, rastu i rezerve. U ovom primjeru pretpostavljamo stopu obvezne rezerve od 0% (RR=0%) tako da su sve rezerve tzv excess reserves. Banci se naravno ne isplati držati takve rezerve u normalnim vremenima. Ona ih mora uložiti, obično u vrijednosne papire ili davanjem kredita:
Nerd humor. pic.twitter.com/dQxxgcjrQQ
— Cullen Roche (@cullenroche) December 17, 2013
Na prekonoćnom međubankovnom tržištu, banke s viškom rezervi plasiraju višak likvidnosti, dok banke s manjkom likvidnosti primaju tu likvidnost uz plaćanje određene kamatne stope.
Banke dajući zajmove pretvaraju svoju likvidniju pasivu u dugoročnu imovinu (kredite). Zbog tog nepodudaranja u ročnosti, one dolaze u situacije kada imaju viškove i manjkove likvidnih sredstava u odnosu na potrebe. Banke mogu držati i više likvidnih sredstava kao imovinu i time smanjiti rizik koji proizlazi iz neusklađenosti ročnosti aktive i pasive, no kratkoročne imovine su skupe u smislu niskog povrata koji donose. To znači da su banke suočene sa oportunitetnim troškom koji stvara situaciju izbora između višeg rizika i manjih prinosa i manjih prinosa ali i manjeg rizika (Bracke, 2009). Pošto su banke profitno orijentirana poduzeća, one pokušavati optimizirati portfelj tako da je za dani rizik prinos veći. Novčano tržište im pomaže u tome, na način da postoji relativno transparentna cijena prekonoćne likvidnosti (i drugih ročnosti) koju banke mogu očekivati da će platiti kako bi namirile manjak ili zaraditi plasirajući višak. Rizičnije banke imaju pogodnosti od eksternalije koja nastaje kada manje rizične banke subvencioniraju njihovu likvidnost, no, trošak je mali u odnosu na alternativu financiranja izvan neosiguranog tržišta (Heider et al, 2009). U makroekonomskom smislu, međubankovne stope su bitne jer predstavljaju granični trošak financiranja za banke (Angelini et al, 2009).
Počeo tapirluk
Tjedni linkovi 09.12.13
Vrijeme je za Euro QE (?)
In the euro area, the current accommodative monetary policy stance is appropriate, provided disinflationary pressures do not intensify. With underlying inflation falling to very-low levels and set to be well below the ECB’s medium-term objective for inflation due to extensive slack, the ECB should keep the main refinancing policy rate unchanged at least until end-2015. At the same time, it should provide adequate liquidity to the market so that the overnight rate remains close to the deposit rate even if some banks repay in advance funds borrowed via the Long-Term Refinancing Operations (LTRO). Institutional changes should also be considered so that additional non-conventional measures are available if disinflationary pressures were to strengthen or turn deflationary, or if substantial uncertainties were to re-emerge, and these challenges could not be addressed by existing monetary tools. Such measures could include purchases, on a non-discriminatory basis, of government and corporate bonds, and programmes to foster bank lending to the non-financial private sector.
Mr. Praet didn’t rule out what some analysts see as the strongest, and most controversial, option: purchases of assets from banks to reduce borrowing costs in the private sector.“The balance-sheet capacity of the central bank can also be used,” said Mr. Praet, whose views carry added weight as he also heads the ECB’s powerful economics division. “This includes outright purchases that any central bank can do.”
Fed odgodio smanjivanje ritma QE-a
The interesting part:
However, the Committee decided to await more evidence that progress will be sustained before adjusting the pace of its purchases. Accordingly, the Committee decided to continue purchasing additional agency mortgage-backed securities at a pace of $40 billion per month and longer-term Treasury securities at a pace of $45 billion per month.
Nadam se da nesigurnost vezana za svaki sljedeci sastanak neće stvarati probleme u budućnosti (moje žalovanje zbog diskrecijske MP).
+ projekcije
UPDATE: Pogled na 10godišnju